整个幻灯片组织学图像中的组织类型学注释是一项复杂而乏味但既繁琐但必要的任务，用于开发计算病理学模型。我们建议通过将开放式识别技术应用于共同分类属于一组带注释类的组织的任务来解决此问题。临床相关的组织类别，同时拒绝测试时间开放式样品，即属于训练集中不存在的类别的图像。为此，我们引入了一种基于训练模型的开放式组织病理图像识别的新方法，以准确识别图像类别，并同时预测已应用了哪些数据增强变换。在测试时间中，我们测量了模型的置信度预测这种转换，我们期望开放集中的图像较低。在组织学图像的结直肠癌评估的背景下，我们进行了全面的实验，这些实验为我们的方法提供了证据，以自动从未知类别中识别样品的优势。代码在https://github.com/agaldran/t3po上发布。

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

We address the problem of unsupervised domain adaptation when the source domain differs from the target domain because of a shift in the distribution of a latent subgroup. When this subgroup confounds all observed data, neither covariate shift nor label shift assumptions apply. We show that the optimal target predictor can be non-parametrically identified with the help of concept and proxy variables available only in the source domain, and unlabeled data from the target. The identification results are constructive, immediately suggesting an algorithm for estimating the optimal predictor in the target. For continuous observations, when this algorithm becomes impractical, we propose a latent variable model specific to the data generation process at hand. We show how the approach degrades as the size of the shift changes, and verify that it outperforms both covariate and label shift adjustment.

Recent studies have revealed that, beyond conventional accuracy, calibration should also be considered for training modern deep neural networks. To address miscalibration during learning, some methods have explored different penalty functions as part of the learning objective, alongside a standard classification loss, with a hyper-parameter controlling the relative contribution of each term. Nevertheless, these methods share two major drawbacks: 1) the scalar balancing weight is the same for all classes, hindering the ability to address different intrinsic difficulties or imbalance among classes; and 2) the balancing weight is usually fixed without an adaptive strategy, which may prevent from reaching the best compromise between accuracy and calibration, and requires hyper-parameter search for each application. We propose Class Adaptive Label Smoothing (CALS) for calibrating deep networks, which allows to learn class-wise multipliers during training, yielding a powerful alternative to common label smoothing penalties. Our method builds on a general Augmented Lagrangian approach, a well-established technique in constrained optimization, but we introduce several modifications to tailor it for large-scale, class-adaptive training. Comprehensive evaluation and multiple comparisons on a variety of benchmarks, including standard and long-tailed image classification, semantic segmentation, and text classification, demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method. The code is available at https://github.com/by-liu/CALS.

Energy consumption in buildings, both residential and commercial, accounts for approximately 40% of all energy usage in the U.S., and similar numbers are being reported from countries around the world. This significant amount of energy is used to maintain a comfortable, secure, and productive environment for the occupants. So, it is crucial that the energy consumption in buildings must be optimized, all the while maintaining satisfactory levels of occupant comfort, health, and safety. Recently, Machine Learning has been proven to be an invaluable tool in deriving important insights from data and optimizing various systems. In this work, we review the ways in which machine learning has been leveraged to make buildings smart and energy-efficient. For the convenience of readers, we provide a brief introduction of several machine learning paradigms and the components and functioning of each smart building system we cover. Finally, we discuss challenges faced while implementing machine learning algorithms in smart buildings and provide future avenues for research at the intersection of smart buildings and machine learning.

我们研究不同损失功能对医学图像病变细分的影响。尽管在处理自然图像时，跨凝结（CE）损失是最受欢迎的选择，但对于生物医学图像分割，由于其处理不平衡的情况，软骰子损失通常是首选的。另一方面，这两个功能的组合也已成功地应用于此类任务中。一个较少研究的问题是在存在分布（OOD）数据的情况下所有这些损失的概括能力。这是指在测试时间出现的样本，这些样本是从与训练图像不同的分布中得出的。在我们的情况下，我们将模型训练在始终包含病变的图像上，但是在测试时间我们也有无病变样品。我们通过全面的实验对内窥镜图像和糖尿病脚图像的溃疡分割进行了全面的实验，分析了不同损失函数对分布性能的最小化对分布性能的影响。我们的发现令人惊讶：在处理OOD数据时，CE-DICE损失组合在分割分配图像中表现出色，这使我们建议通过这种问题采用CE损失，因为它的稳健性和能够概括为OOD样品。可以在\ url {https://github.com/agaldran/lesion_losses_ood}找到与我们实验相关的代码。

在医学图像分析中需要进行几次学习的能力是对支持图像数据的有效利用，该数据被标记为对新类进行分类或细分新类，该任务否则需要更多的培训图像和专家注释。这项工作描述了一种完全3D原型的几种分段算法，因此，训练有素的网络可以有效地适应培训中缺乏的临床有趣结构，仅使用来自不同研究所的几个标记图像。首先，为了弥补机构在新型类别的情节适应中的广泛认识的空间变异性，新型的空间注册机制被整合到原型学习中，由分割头和空间对齐模块组成。其次，为了帮助训练观察到的不完美比对，提出了支持掩模调节模块，以进一步利用支持图像中可用的注释。使用589个骨盆T2加权MR图像的数据集分割了八个对介入计划的解剖结构的应用，该实验是针对介入八个机构的八个解剖结构的应用。结果证明了3D公式中的每种，空间登记和支持掩模条件的功效，所有这些条件都独立或集体地做出了积极的贡献。与先前提出的2D替代方案相比，不管支持数据来自相同还是不同的机构，都具有统计学意义的少量分割性能。

在本文中，我们介绍了基于差异驱动器快照机器人和模拟的用户研究的基于倾斜的控制的实现，目的是将相同的功能带入真正的远程介绍机器人。参与者使用平衡板来控制机器人，并通过头部安装的显示器查看了虚拟环境。使用平衡板作为控制装置的主要动机源于虚拟现实（VR）疾病；即使是您自己的身体与屏幕上看到的动作相匹配的小动作也降低了视力和前庭器官之间的感觉冲突，这是大多数关于VR疾病发作的理论的核心。为了检验平衡委员会作为控制方法的假设比使用操纵杆要少可恶意，我们设计了一个用户研究（n = 32，15名女性），参与者在虚拟环境中驾驶模拟差异驱动器机器人， Nintendo Wii平衡板或操纵杆。但是，我们的预注册的主要假设不得到支持。操纵杆并没有使参与者引起更多的VR疾病，而委员会在统计学上的主观和客观性上都更加难以使用。分析开放式问题表明这些结果可能是有联系的，这意味着使用的困难似乎会影响疾病。即使在测试之前的无限训练时间也没有像熟悉的操纵杆那样容易使用。因此，使董事会更易于使用是启用其潜力的关键。我们为这个目标提供了一些可能性。

血氧水平依赖性（BOLD）用母体高氧可以评估胎盘内的氧运输，并已成为研究胎盘功能的有前途的工具。测量信号随着时间的变化需要在时间序列的每个体积中分割胎盘。由于大胆的时间序列中的数量大量，现有研究依靠注册将所有卷映射到手动分段模板。由于胎盘由于胎儿运动，母体运动和收缩而导致大变形，因此这种方法通常会导致大量废弃体积，而注册方法失败。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个基于U-NET神经网络体系结构的机器学习模型，以自动以粗体MRI分割胎盘，并将其应用于时间序列中的每个卷。我们使用边界加权损失函数来准确捕获胎盘形状。我们的模型经过训练和测试，并在91位包含健康胎儿的受试者，胎儿生长限制的胎儿以及BMI高的母亲中进行了测试。当与地面真实标签匹配时，我们的骰子得分为0.83 +/- 0.04，并且我们的模型在粗体时间序列中可靠地分割量氧和高氧点的量。我们的代码和训练有素的模型可在https://github.com/mabulnaga/automatic-placenta-mentegation上获得。

金属有机框架（MOF）是一类模块化的多孔晶体材料，具有巨大的革命性应用，例如储气，分子分离，化学感应，催化和药物输送。剑桥结构数据库（CSD）报告了10,636个合成的MOF晶体，此外还包含CA。114,373个类似MOF的结构。综合数量（加上可能合成的）MOF结构数量庞大，需要研究人员追求计算技术来筛选和分离MOF候选物。在此演示论文中，我们描述了我们在利用知识图方法方面促进MOF预测，发现和综合方面的努力。我们提出了有关（1）从结构化和非结构化来源构建MOF知识图（MOF-KG）的挑战和案例研究，以及（2）利用MOF-KG来发现新知识或缺失知识。